Table 2 Diseases showing ancestry-phenotype correlation

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Mexican Americans and Pima Indians

Amerindian ancestry with NIDDM

Kendall's τ = 0.848 ± 0.221, [p ⊬ 8.1 × 10⁵]

[48]

NIDDM

Mexican Americans

Amerindian ancestry with NIDDM

0.943^c (p < 0.001)

[63]

1) Body mass index (BMI)

Pima Indians

European admixture with BMI, plasma glucose, 2-hour glucose

0.455^b (95% CI: 0.301-0.688)

[47]

2) Plasma glucose

3) NIDDM

NIDDM

Mexican Americans

Native American ancestry with NIDDM prevalence

N/A

[45]

Skin pigmentation (reflectrometry)

1) African Americans

Melanin index versus % African ancestry

1) 0.21^a, (p < 0.0001)

[14]

2) Afro-Caribbeans

2) 0.16^a (p < 0.0001)

* Mapped phenotype to two loci: TYR and OCA as candidates which influence normal pigmentation variation

3) European Americans

3) 0.001^a (p = NS)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Caribbeans (without Indian or Chinese ancestry)

SLE and African Ancestry

28.4

[18]

(95% CI: 1.7-485 after SES adjustment^b)

Insulin-related phenotypes

African American

African admixture (ADM):

[20]

Europeans

Americans

1) Insulin sensitivity (S_I),

1) with S_I

1) (p < 0.001)^a

2) Fasting insulin (FA),

2) with FA

2) (p < 0.01)^a

3) Acute insulin response (AIR)

3) with AIR

3) (p < 0.001)^a

Oxygen capacity

Quechua natives

Positive:

0.8^a

[80]

Spanish admixture with large VO₂ at high altitudes

Bone mineral density (BMD)

Puerto Ricans from New York

Positive:

0.065^a (p = 0.042)

[17]

European admixture with lower BMD

Skin pigmentation (Lightness index)

Hispanics from the San Luis Valley, Colorado

Positive:

0.0821^a (p < 0.001)

[17]

Proportional European ancestry with increased Lightness