- Numbers above the diagonal for each table indicate the pairwise D' value for pairs of SNPs in the CEPH grandparent sample, p values for each test are indicated below the diagonal. Values in the upper table (A) indicate D' values calculated in DnaSP from the pedigree-derived haplotypes. Values in the lower table (B) indicate D'-values calculated using the PAIRWISE program from the MLOCUS haplotype frequency estimates. Those values in boxed cells indicate non-significant results. D' estimates in the lower table denoted in italics indicate differences from the values generated in DnaSP for that particular comparison of loci.