Table 1 Ribosomal proteins involved in gene regulation mechanisms

Chromatin

S2

Escherichia coli

Negative regulator of rpsB and tsf expression

4

S3

Homo sapiens

Becomes a part of nuclear factor-κB complex that interacts with specific sites in the genome, on tumour necrosis factor stimulation

6

S4

Bacillus subtilis

Autoregulates rpsD gene expression

5

L13a

H. sapiens

Inflammatory gene expression

7

Transcription

S1

E. coli

Transcription anti-termination and stimulates transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase

8,9

S4

E. coli

Transcription anti-termination

10

S10

E. coli

Transcription anti-termination

11

L3

E. coli

Transcription anti-termination

10

L4

E. coli

Inhibits transcription of S10 operon mRNA and transcription anti-termination

3,10

S14

H. sapiens

Self-regulation at both transcriptional and translational levels

3,12

S20

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Transcription anti-termination

3

S0 and S21 (in association with each other)

S. cerevisiae

Promote maturation of 3' end of 18S rRNA

13

L11

Rattus rattus

Inhibits the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, a nuclear receptor

14

L13

E. coli

Transcription anti-termination

10

Post-transcription

S14

S. cerevisiae

Post-transcriptional repression of RPS14B [CRY2] expression

15

RNA processing and splicing

S12

E. coli

Acts as RNA chaperone in the folding process of T4 phage intron RNA

16

S12

H. sapiens

RNA splicing and modification

12

S13

S. cerevisiae and H. sapiens

Binds to the first intron of its transcript to inhibit splicing.

Overproduction of RPS13 interferes with splicing of its own pre-mRNA by a feedback mechanism.

Negatively controls splicing of its own pre-mRNA

17,18

S14

H. sapiens

Required for 18S pre-RNA processing and 40S subunit formation

19

L4

Mus musculus

Interacts with Gu(alpha) which is involved in rRNA processing

20

Translation

S4

E. coli

Translational repressor of α operon (operon genes; S13, S11, S4, L17)

21

S8

E. coli

Translational repressor of spc operon

22

S15

E. coli

Self-translation regulation

23

L1

E. coli

Self-translation regulation

12

L4

E. coli

Suppresses translation of S10 operon mRNA.

Self-translation regulation

3,12

L10

E. coli

Self-translation regulation

12

S26

H. sapiens

Self-translation regulation

12

S30

S. cerevisiae

Self-translation regulation

12

L13a

H. sapiens

Silence translation of ceruloplasmin (Cp) mRNA

24

Post-translation

S20

E. coli

Post-translational inhibition of ornithine and arginine decarboxylase enzymes

25