Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics in normotensive controls and HTN patients

Age (year)

48.4 ± 0.28

53.8 ± 0.52^***

51.5 ± 0.66^***

57.9 ± 0.73^***

Male/female, n (%)

499 (36.7)/860 (63.3)

229 (52.8)/205 (47.2)^***

153 (55.0)/125 (45.0)^***

76 (48.7)/80 (51.3)^**

Current smoker, n (%)

193 (14.2)

74 (17.1)

55 (19.8)^*

19 (12.2)

Current drinker, n (%)

824 (60.6)

259 (59.7)

177 (63.7)

82 (52.6)

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 0.08

25.4 ± 0.15^***

25.3 ± 0.19^***

25.5 ± 0.23^***

Systolic BP (mmHg)

116.5 ± 0.31

139.2 ± 0.75^†††

144.4 ± 0.75^†††

129.9 ± 1.31^†††

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

72.9 ± 0.23

88.3 ± 0.49^†††

92.6 ± 0.46^†††

80.6 ± 0.77^†††

Triglyceride (mg/dL)^∮

119.2 ± 1.88

148.3 ± 4.24^†

152.3 ± 5.62^††

141.2 ± 6.20

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

199.4 ± 0.98

199.3 ± 1.73^†

202.9 ± 2.14

192.8 ± 2.86^†††

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

54.4 ± 0.37

51.2 ± 0.60

51.1 ± 0.74

51.5 ± 1.05

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮

122.0 ± 0.90

119.2 ± 1.58^†††

122.3 ± 1.98

113.7 ± 2.55^†††

Glucose (mg/dL)^∮

95.4 ± 0.55

102.5 ± 1.10^†

100.9 ± 1.39

105.3 ± 1.80^††

Insulin (μIU/mL)^∮

8.92 ± 0.12

9.59 ± 0.28

9.83 ± 0.38

9.11 ± 0.36

Free fatty acids (μEq/L)^∮

552.8 ± 6.65

567.9 ± 12.6

560.9 ± 16.0

581.8 ± 20.4

HOMA-IR^∮

2.09 ± 0.03

2.46 ± 0.10

2.54 ± 0.14

2.30 ± 0.10

hs-CRP (mg/dL)^∮

1.28 ± 0.08

1.60 ± 0.15

1.59 ± 0.16

1.61 ± 0.28

6.49 ± 0.10

5.98 ± 0.17

5.94 ± 0.22

6.06 ± 0.27

Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)^∮

8.89 ± 0.09

9.78 ± 0.27

9.33 ± 0.35^††

10.6 ± 0.43^††