Table 5 Network MR results for the causal pathways

Metabolomic → Transcriptomic → Epigenomic

Isobutyrylcarnitine

ANO6

6.110721178

− 3.486E−05

1.555E−05

0.012

Plasmenyl-LysoPE

ANO6

6.110721178

− 0.007

0.003

0.013

3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Propanoate

ANO6

6.110721178

− 3.811E−05

2.146E−05

0.038

Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA)

ANO6

6.110721178

− 7E−4

3E−04

0.013

Isobutyrylcarnitine

CLU

9.13713161

− 3.04E−07

1.730E−07

0.040

Plasmenyl-LysoPE

CLU

9.13713161

− 2E−05

1E−5

0.023

Indole-3acetate

MPEG1

6.163743051

− 9.1E−06

4.360E−06

0.018

3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Propanoate

MPEG1

6.163743051

− 6.5E−07

3.155E−07

0.020

Metabolomic → Epigenomic → Transcriptomic

UDCA

6.163743051

ANO6

− 2.185E−4

9.377E−05

0.010

Glucosamine

6.163743051

ANO6

− 2.951E−05

1.650E−05

0.037

Glucosamine

6.110721139

PTGS1

− 6.491E−05

3.219E−05

0.022

3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Propanoate

6.110721139

PTGS1

− 1.774E−05

9.524E−06

0.031

Transcriptomic → Metabolomic → Epigenomic

CLU

Aspartate

9.13713161

8.439E−4

4.23E−4

0.023

CLU

N-Acetylneuraminate

9.13713161

− 3.87E−4

2.0E−4

0.031

MPEG1

Phenylalanyl-Threonine

6.163743051

− 6.41E−4

3.61E−4

0.038

UGGT1

N-methyl-D-asparticacid

6.110721154

− 2.29E−4

1.33E−4

0.042

UGGT1

UDCA

6.110721178

− 1.60E−4

6.914E−05

0.010

UGGT1

UDCA

6.110721154

− 1.00E−4

4.77E−05

0.018