Table 1 EVOO marker phytochemicals predicted to have highest probability of influencing AD onset and/or progression
From: Alzheimer’s disease: using gene/protein network machine learning for molecule discovery in olive oil
Rank a | EVOO marker phytochemical | Correlation probability (%)b | Putative mechanism of action (Literature)c | Putative pathways affectedd |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quercetin | 78.0 | Decreases oxidative stress, modulates cytokines, inhibits amyloid beta aggregation, and decreases tau phosphorylation [37,38,39]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System, Insulin Signaling Pathway |
2 | Genistein | 75.5 | Has antioxidant activity and ameliorates amyloid beta induced neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta [40,41,42]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction |
3 | Luteolin | 73.9 | Modulates insulin resistance systemically and in the central nervous system and alters amyloid beta deposition [39]. (↑) | Olfactory Transduction |
4 | Palmitoleate | 69.5 | Preserves endothelial function, prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduces lipogenesis and fatty acid desaturation in adipocytes, and suppresses cytokine production [43]. Decreases NF-KB nuclear translocation via the stimulation of PPARy and the phosphorylation of AMPK, which increases MGL2, IL-10, TGFß1, and MRC1 [40]. (≈) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction |
5 | Stearic Acid | 67.5 | No consistent evidence | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction |
6 | Apigenin | 67.4 | Has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, and downregulates BACE1 enzyme [44,45,46]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Long-Term Potentiation, Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System, Glioma, Insulin Signaling Pathway, GnRH Signaling Pathway, Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway |
7 | Epicatechin | 66.4 | Reduces amyloid beta concentrations in brain and serum and sequesters by-products of oxidation [47, 48]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Long-Term Potentiation, Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Calcium Signaling Pathway |
8 | Kaempferol | 65.1 | Attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation through multiple mechanisms and delays memory loss [49, 50]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction |
9 | Squalene | 63.7 | No consistent evidence | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young |
10 | Daidzein | 62.1 | Decreases amyloid beta aggregation and amyloid beta induced neuronal death and increase hippocampal neuronal cell proliferation [51, 52]. (↑) | Alzheimer’s disease, Olfactory Transduction, Glioma, Phosphatidylinositol Signaling System, Long-Term Potentiation, Insulin Signaling Pathway, mTOR Signaling Pathway |
Mean | 68.9 |