Table 2 Independent variables in association with mothers’ and newborns’ mtDNA copy numbers
Variables | Reference | All newborn-mother | Male newborn-mother | Female newborn-mother | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | |||||
Mother’s mtDNA copy number | |||||||||||||
Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||||
Maternal age (years) | ≥ 35 vs < 35 years | – | – | – | |||||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | < 18.5 vs ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | − 3.73 | − 7.13 | − 0.34 | 0.031 | – | − 4.58 | − 9.95 | 0.79 | 0.093 | |||
Haemoglobin | < 11.5 vs ≥ 11.5 g/dl | – | − 3.59 | − 6.91 | − 0.28 | 0.034 | – | ||||||
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy | No vs Yes | 1.82 | − 0.21 | 3.85 | 0.078 | – | – | ||||||
Exercise habit during pregnancy | No vs Yes | 1.75 | − 0.21 | 3.70 | 0.079 | 2.59 | 0.17 | 5.00 | 0.036 | – | |||
Ex-smoking | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
Passive smoking in the past 1 year | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
History of fertility care | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
Neonatal outcomes | |||||||||||||
Sex | Male vs female | – | – | – | |||||||||
Gestational age | week (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Birth weight | < 2500 vs ≥ 2500 g | – | – | – | |||||||||
Height | cm (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Head circumference | cm (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Placental weight | g (continuous) | – | – | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.036 | ||||||
Umbilical cord length | cm (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Newborn’s mtDNA copy number | |||||||||||||
Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||||
Maternal mtDNA copy number | Continuous | – | − 3.26 | − 5.99 | − 0.53 | 0.020 | – | ||||||
Maternal age | ≥ 35 vs < 35 years | – | – | – | |||||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI | < 18.5 vs ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | – | – | – | |||||||||
Haemoglobin | < 11.5 vs ≥ 11.5 g/dl | – | – | – | |||||||||
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy | No vs Yes | − 26.36 | − 49.51 | − 3.22 | 0.026 | − 31.47 | − 61.64 | − 1.30 | 0.041 | – | |||
Exercise habit during pregnancy | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
Ex-smoking | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
Passive smoking in the past 1 year | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
History of fertility care | No vs Yes | – | – | – | |||||||||
Neonatal outcomes | |||||||||||||
Sex | Male vs female | – | – | – | |||||||||
Gestational age | week (continuous) | − 16.92 | − 25.30 | − 8.53 | < 0.001 | − 14.01 | − 26.38 | − 1.64 | 0.027 | − 17.67 | − 29.59 | − 5.74 | 0.004 |
Birth weight | < 2500 vs ≥ 2500 g | 70.25 | 26.80 | 113.70 | 0.002 | 63.62 | 3.77 | 123.48 | 0.038 | 67.56 | 9.13 | 126.00 | 0.024 |
Height | cm (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Head circumference | cm (continuous) | 8.82 | 0.84 | 16.80 | 0.031 | 12.20 | − 0.28 | 24.68 | 0.055 | − | |||
Placental weight | g (continuous) | – | – | – | |||||||||
Umbilical cord length | cm (continuous) | 1.94 | 1.01 | 2.87 | < 0.001 | 2.22 | 0.81 | 3.63 | 0.002 | 1.26 | 0.02 | 2.51 | 0.047 |