A broad wastewater screening and clinical data surveillance for virus-related diseases in the metropolitan Detroit area in Michigan

Li, Yabing; Miyani, Brijen; Faust, Russell A.; David, Randy E.; Xagoraraki, Irene

doi:10.1186/s40246-024-00581-0

Human Genomics

Table 3 Classification of detected human virus genera, their primary transmission routes, and corresponding human disease in the study area during the sampling years

From: A broad wastewater screening and clinical data surveillance for virus-related diseases in the metropolitan Detroit area in Michigan

Family	Genus	Structure	Primary Transmission Route	Associated Human Disease	Confirmed Diseases Cases in metropolitan Detroit, MI		References
Family	Genus	Structure	Primary Transmission Route	Associated Human Disease	2020	2021	References
Adenoviridae	Mastadenovirus	ds DNA	Respiratory, fecal–oral	Common cold			[59]
Anelloviridae	Gammatorquevirus	ss DNA	Fecal–oral, parenteral, sexual	May be associated with diseases such as unexplained fever, diabetes, cancer			[60]
Astroviridae	Mamastrovirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Gastroenteritis			[61]
Caliciviridae	Norovirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Norovirus, Gastroenteritis	104	62	[62]
Caliciviridae	Sapovirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Gastroenteritis			[63]
Coronaviridae	Alphacoronavirus	ss RNA (+)	Respiratory	Common cold			[64]
Coronaviridae	Betacoronavirus	ss RNA (+)	Respiratory, Zoonosis	SARS, MERS, COVID-19	36,567	729,275	[64]
Filoviridae	Marburgvirus	ss RNA (-)	Zoonosis, fomite	Viral hemorrhagic fevers			[65]
Flaviviridae	Flavivirus	ss RNA (+)	Zoonosis, arthropod bite/borne	Encephalitis, dengue fever	8	2	[66]
				West Nile	35	44
				Zika	4	NR
	Hepacivirus	ss RNA (+)	Sexual, blood	Hepatitis C	2541	1739	[67]
Hantaviridae	Orthohantavirus	ss RNA (-)	Zoonosis, urine, saliva	Viral hemorrhagic fevers, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome			[68]
Hepeviridae	Orthohepevirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Hepatitis E	5	7	[69]
Hepadnaviridae	Orthohepadnavirus	RT	Sexual contact, blood	Hepatitis B	3066	376	[70]
Herpesviridae	Rhadinovirus	ds DNA	Sexual contact, saliva	Skin lymphoma			[71]
	Varicellovirus	ds DNA	Respiratory, contact	Chickenpox	62	60	[72]
	Varicellovirus	ds DNA	Respiratory, contact	Shingles	386	244	[72]
	Simplexvirus	ds DNA	Sexual contact, saliva	Skin lesions			[73]
	Roseolovirus	ds DNA	Respiratory, contact	Encephalitis			[74]
	Lymphocryptovirus	ds DNA	Zoonosis, animal bite, contact, saliva	Encephalitis, mononucleosis			[75]
	Cytomegalovirus	ds DNA	Contact, urine, saliva	Mononucleosis, pneumonia			[76]
Matonaviridae	Rubivirus	ss RNA (+)	Respiratory	Rubella	4	3	[77]
Orthomyxoviridae	Alphainfluenzavirus	ss RNA (-)	Respiratory, zoonosis, animal contact	Acute febrile respiratory tract infection			[59]
Paramyxoviridae	Respirovirus	ss RNA (-)	Respiratory	Common cold			[59]
Papillomaviridae	Alphapapillomavirus	ds DNA	Sexual, contact	Genital warts, cervical cancer, skin warts			[78]
	Nupapillomavirus	ds DNA	Contact	Skin warts			[78]
	Betapapillomavirus	ds DNA	Contact	Warts, papilloma, malignant tumors			[78]
	Gammapapillomavirus	ds DNA	Contact	Warts, papilloma			[78]
	Mupapillomavirus	ds DNA	Contact	Skin warts			[78]
Parvoviridae	Bocaparvovirus	ss DNA	Respiratory	Acute respiratory illness			[79]
Parvoviridae	Erythroparvovirus	ss DNA	Respiratory	Fifth disease, skin lesions			[80]
Peribunyaviridae	Orthobunyavirus	ss RNA (-)	Zoonosis, arthropod bite	Encephalitis, fever, joint pain			[81]
Picornaviridae	Hepatovirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Hepatitis A	13	15	[82]
	Parechovirus	ss RNA (+)	Respiratory	Mild, gastrointestinal, or respiratory illness			[83]
	Enterovirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral, respiratory	Meningitis, myocarditis, paralysis, common cold, diarrhea, neurological disorder, poliomyelitis			[84]
	Cardiovirus	ss RNA (+)	Zoonosis	Encephalitis			[85]
	Kobuvirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Gastroenteritis			[86]
	Salivirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral	Gastroenteritis			[87]
	Cosavirus	ss RNA (+)	Fecal–oral (probable)	Gastroenteritis (probable)			[88]
Polyomaviridae	Betapolyomavirus	ds DNA	Respiratory	May be associated with central nervous system disease			[89, 90]
Poxviridae	Orthopoxvirus	ds DNA	Respiratory, zoonosis, contact	Skin lesions, smallpox			[54]
	Parapoxvirus	ds DNA	Zoonosis, contact	Skin lesions			[91]
	Molluscipoxvirus	ds DNA	Contact	Skin lesions			[92]
Reoviridae	Seadornavirus	dsRNA	Zoonosis, arthropod bite	Encephalitis			[93]
Retroviridae	Deltaretrovirus	RT	Sexual contact, maternal-neonatal	Leukemia			[94]
	Spumavirus	RT	Animal bites	Associated with T lymphocyte differentiation and monocyte activation			[95]
	Gammaretrovirus	RT	Often from mother to offspring	Multiple sclerosis (probable)			[96]
	Lentivirus	RT	Sexual contact, blood	HIV	334	412	[97]
Rhabdoviridae	Lyssavirus	ss RNA (-)	Zoonosis, animal bite	Fatal encephalitis, encephalitis			[98]
Togaviridae	Alphavirus	ss RNA (+)	Zoonosis, arthropod bite	Fever, joint pain, chikungunya, encephalitis, pogosta disease	2	1	[99]

Blank cells indicate that data is not available. Human diseases in red font correspond to the number of confirmed cases listed in the following column. Disease cases were based on the weekly disease reports published by the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) in years 2021 and 2022. Abbreviations: ds DNA: double stranded DNA; ss DNA: single-stranded DNA; ss RNA (+): single-stranded positive RNA; ss RNA (−): single-stranded negative RNA; RT: reverse transcribing viruses. SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS: Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019

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